There are over 20,000 PTs in the UK, you may have regular sessions with one, you may be thinking about hiring one, you may even be one. Some of these PTs are fantastic; they create smart personalised programming for their clients, adjust based on objective and subjective feedback, keep things interesting (but don't introduce variety for the sake of it), provide motivation and deliver results. Some tick a few of the boxes, which may be all you need. However others to provide little more than could be gained from a Googling 'workout' and playing a tape of someone saying stock motivational phrases.
- Plato, circa 400 BCE
Before we get into it, I should probably try to rub off the target that I painted on my back by deciding to write this and make sure that I'm not totally hated by every PT I know (just a little bit hated, because I'm a generally disagreeable person). This article is not a slur on all personal trainers, there are many, many good PTs out there; nor is this a claim that I know more or can deliver a better service than said trainers, it is simply my opinion on what you should be looking for if you feel like spending your hard earned money on some professional fitness guidance.
Not a personal trainer, just an opinionated loud mouth
With that said, your personal trainer is likely a waste of money if...
1. Your sessions are an unplanned collection of exercises with no structure for progression "How about we start with the curl machine, then maybe some burpees, then uhhh, some push ups... on a bosu ball... super-setted with TRX mountain climbers, then we'll see how much time we have left and use whatever equipment is free."
"Confuse the muscles"...also confuse anyone trying to make sense of your routine
If you hear something like this from a PT, just leave. Completely improvised sessions that have no week to week structure like this are far from uncommon, and usually occur for one of two reasons. The first is caving to the need to make sessions seem as varied and interesting as possible, throwing in all the exciting bits of equipment, fun exercises and pseudo-advanced techniques to make new trainees feel like they are getting great value. While this may seem fine, lack of a structured, personalised plan makes it far harder to objectively progress in the areas which you want to. Added to the fact that paying a PT to reel off random exercises represents terrible value and provides you with none of the tools to construct your own effective training in the future. The second reason is pure laziness and lack of preparation, if a PT is unable to construct a solid training plan and know exactly what needs to be achieved in your coming session, they are likely not worth your money. However, just being given a plan doesn't mean all that much if...
2. You are given a generic programme/diet, identical to all other clients Generic/cookie-cutter/off-the-shelf programmes can be great, from 5/3/1 to Smolov to whatever the hell Olympic lifters do, to the deep, dark vaults of Bodybuilding.com, there are many very good programmes out there, written by men and women far more knowledgeable about training than you or I. Programmes such as these provide training frameworks that have proven to be successful in allowing trainees to reach the stated goals of the plan. The cost of obtaining these programmes ranges from 2 minutes of your time spent locating them on the internet to around £30/$50 for the most pricey training (e)books. As that amount of money might not get you 1 hour with some trainers, it is not unreasonable to expect a custom designed programme for your goals and personal needs, or at the very least, some tailoring of a pre-made, tried and true programme; especially as many of the off-the-shelf programmes encourage and detail a degree of customisation to the trainee's wants and needs. This means that a trainer that simply hands you a pre-written programme with no thought is literally less useful than a 12 page PDF. We may not all be completely unique snowflakes, but all trainees will all differ somewhat in their aims, abilities, preferences and attitudes; a good trainer will recognise this and adjust their methods accordingly.
A cookie cutter AND a special snowflake. Mind blown.
A training plan customised to your needs is a great start, however, a you will not achieve all you can if... 3. Your progress is not monitored
Whether you are trying to lose fat, gain muscle, increase endurance or get stronger, physical self improvement lends itself very well to objective measure as a means of tracking progress. If your trainer is not weighing you, taking body composition measurements or regular photographs, you cannot get accurate feedback on your rate of muscle gain or fat loss. If you are not performing the same exercises under the same conditions on a regular basis, you cannot accurately determine whether you are getting stronger or increasing your endurance. Every session does not need to be a test and indeed doing so would be counter productive, but monitoring progress under standardised conditions is the most accurate way to determine whether progress towards a given goal is being made. This allows good trainers to observe whether what you are currently doing is working and tweak your diet/training accordingly, optimising to reach your goals.
If your sessions look like this, you may have gone a little too far
If a PT checks the above 3 points off the list, they are likely a good trainer and you will make good progress when working with them; however the best trainers set you up to keep making good progress, long after you stop paying for their services, which won't be the case if... 4. They complicate, instead of simplifying and tell you what to do, but not why
Many trainers will complicate to profit, leading you to believe that their special methods are key to progress and for that reason, you need to keep paying them as long as you want to be making gains. In truth you can get very deep into the complex minutiae of nutrition and exercise science, but for 99% of people, this is completely unnecessary and learning basic, overarching concepts will serve you far better. A PT that teaches the principles behind training for your goals and gives you basic knowledge frameworks to construct your own training is worth far more than the trainer that gives you fancy, complex workouts, but doesn't explain the concepts behinds them.
If you can find a PT who will listen to your needs and goals, construct a training plan and/or diet to help you reach those goals, take objective feedback to track progress and modify your plan accordingly, all while educating you and giving you the tools you need to a self-dependant and motivated trainee, that is someone worth throwing a fair stack of cash at.
Alternatively, you can pay someone a couple of bills a week to pluck a few exercises out of their arse and shout at you while you sweat a bit. Rinse and repeat for weeks/months/years, until you notice that you have absolutely no gains. Realise your personal trainer was a complete waste of money and time. Cry a little.
I try to make most of my posts useful to the general training populous, so everyone from the rank beginner to seasoned gym rats can hopefully pick up something useful here or there. I also try to make them positive in general, some friendly advice or a word of inspiration. This one fits more in the category of 'shouting into the void'.
If you learn something from this article, you may be inexperienced and naive, in which case you get a by, assuming you take the points herein to heart. However if you are you have been training long enough to know better and still are ignorant enough to violate basic etiquette, you should probably be sterilised before you can find a mate of equal ignorance, create offspring (with an extra concentrated dose of ignorance) and effectively contribute to the devolution of humanity.
Without further ado, some ground rules on how to use the gym and not be a complete dickhead. It's basic etiquette; we're not animals, we live in a society, let's act like it.
1. Don't break stuff
Oh, you just managed a clean and jerk with 50 kg did you, big man? And now you are dropping that bar from overhead? Then that will make a big crash and then you'll look really cool to everyone in the gym. Alternatively, lower the fucking weight and rack it or put it down, get a bit of extra work in and save the barbell, plates and platform from extra abuse. Of course there are exceptions, if you are at a suitable facility, with suitable barbells and plates and you are hitting work sets for Oly lifts loads or actually competing in a CrossFit challenge, go ahead, but this is a minority of instances. If you are repping light weights for 'conditioning', warming up or generally fucking around, keep the weight in your hand and stop throwing things around trying to look hardcore. You are not hardcore. Same goes for dumbells, if you feel the need to throw the 15s after a br00tal set of lateral raises, kill yourself.
Matthias Steiner cares about gym equipment so much he cushions its fall with his neck
All gym equipment, as with anything in life, will eventually fall apart and die. Whilst there may be some preventative measures, such as rubber coated dumbells, bumper plates and rubber flooring in place, everything will take a whole lot longer to fall apart if you don't chuck it around like a chimp throwing its shit.
When you sign up to a gym, you are essentially taking part ownership of all the equipment therein. If you break some equipment, in addition to pissing off all your fellow gym goers, it is your retarded self that loses out.
Don't be that guy, respect the equipment.
2. Everything in its place
Look at the picture above. Tiny children, barely able to talk and still shitting themselves, have the ability to put the coloured shapes in the right place. Yet many gym goers can't seem to put the 30 kg dumbells back in the recesses handily marked '30 kg', if you are one of these people, well done, you were literally more cognitively advanced in nursery than you are currently.
Alternatively, you believe that once you've completed what you want to do, it's no longer your problem, even if it leaves the next person inconvenienced. In this case you are a low grade sociopath and should probably seek help. Strip your bar when you are done, put the plates back in the right place on the weight tree (or whatever organisation system your gym has), rack your dumbells and put any specialised equipment back where you got it from. If you see someone leaving the gym, a wake of ditched dumbells, fully loaded bars and random gym items strewn behind them, you have full license to bitch slap them with no further explanation.
Don't be a dickbag, put everything back where it belongs.
A place for everything and everything in its place.
3. Don't get in my zone, son.
No one tends to like strangers getting in their personal space at the best of times, but if that person has a heavy weight on their back/over their face/halfway off the ground, you best stay the hell away. This includes not walking over someone else's lifting platform, not taking plates from someone's rack during their sets, not standing over someone doing a bench/floor exercise. Furthermore if someone is using a mirror to check form (or their pump), don't stand directly in the way.
What was that about personal space?
The same goes for your gym equipment; by all means bring your stuff into the gym, but tuck it away, don't be the guy who uses the bench as his personal bag stand or the guy that leaves his mobility equipment in the middle of a busy walkway. The gym shouldn't be an obstacle course full of protein shakers, foam rollers and brain-dead mouth-breathers with no courtesy for personal space.
Get yourself (and all of your shit) out of the way.
4. Communicate, but know when to shut the hell up
Some people like to promote the ethic that no talking should take place in the gym and that if you are able to have a conversation, you aren't working hard enough. Maybe they are right, it's better than the other end of the spectrum; if you have been giving a blow-by-blow account of your life to someone for the last 8 minutes, chances are they currently want to kick you in the face and get the hell on with their workout. We can probably settle on a middle ground, discussion of training can be useful to all involved and a bit of a social chat isn't a bad thing, but don't forget that other people have things they want to do that don't involve listening to you.
There are times in the gym where communication is a necessary part of proper behaviour. If someone is using equipment you want to use, ask to work in, conversely offer if you can see someone clearly wants to use what you are using, check that no one is using a piece of equipment before you jump on, ask for/offer a spot; these are all situations in which a bit of chat helps everyone.
Just shut up the rest of the time. No one cares. 5. Time and a place for everything
'Functional' exercises are all the rage, I get it, they can be fun, some are extremely beneficial and people think you look cool. Many of them also take up a hell of a lot of space. I love/hate prowler pushes as much as the next man, they are great, but trying to shove a big metal sled through a busy gym at peak hours...not the best idea. Same goes for anything that requires a large space and/or cumbersome equipment: farmers walks, walking lunges, loaded carries, battle ropes, sled dragging, tyre flipping, sledgehammer work ...all great exercises, but don't be the fool who gets in the way of multiple other people and makes a hazard of themselves because they think they'll test their 1RM snatch in the middle of the gym at 5.30 pm.
Good exercise? Yes. Suitable for peak time in a busy gym? Not at all.
Similar rules go for supersetting or (Lord forgive) 'WOD's which use multiple pieces of equipment, you're probably not in danger of injuring anyone, but you are likely pissing them off by hogging all the toys like the kid everyone hated in nursery.
If you are inconveniencing multiple people so you can do an exercise, just don't.
6. Don't be gross
Wash your gym clothes, have a shower and wear some deodorant, please. There aren't many things worse than finishing a hard set, sucking in some air and finding it thick with someone else's stench.
Further, if your reps for Jesus end up leaving a full body sweat halo like the Shroud of Turin on any piece of equipment you touch, wipe it down, you're not the messiah, you're a very naughty boy, now go away.
Finally, I know we are all pounding the protein shakes, and I know this can cause a bit of bubble-gut in some people, but if you need to send out the old sphincter siren, at least step outside.
Be clean, don't smell.
7. Don't be a dick
Every gym has a few guys that they are the biggest, hardest, coolest guys there, the sort of guys that insist on staring other people out, strutting around chest puffed out and convincing themselves that they are the biggest person there. I'm sure these guys won't be reading this, as they likely can't read, but fuck 'em anyway.
Try not to be too narcissistic either, granted, there is absolutely a streak of vanity to almost everyone who trains in the gym, that's why we are there, but don't take it too far. By all means have a look at the sweet pump you are rocking, but don't spend 5 minutes posing at yourself and lifting up your top right in front of the mirror; if you are small, people will laugh, if you are big, people will assume you have a tiny penis.
Bit of column A, bit of column B.
In summary (of the whole article), don't be a dick and training can be fun for all.
This is an article I really did not want to write, but the subject is one I am asked about repeatedly. People love abs it seems. It also seems, at least from the general fuckery I witness in the gym on daily basis, that most people have no idea how to effectively train or use their abs.
Expect a lot of this - I had to keep myself somewhat interested in writing this article
Expect a little bit of this - I have to keep the girls and gay dudes that read this interested
I hate ab training. I hate the term 'core'. I hate people asking me how they 'tighten' up around the middle. I hate a lot of things. However, sometimes we all have to deal with things we hate, so what follows will be my best effort of answering all the questions I hate, using lots of terminology I hate.
I also hate Star Wars, but I'd probably get on well with this guy
Let's get one thing out of the way right off the bat - having visible, defined abs (or defined any-muscle) is a body fat issue. If all you want is to look in the mirror and see a six-pack, you need to reduce your body fat. How exactly to do that is an issue for another day, but getting your diet in check, regularly lifting and maybe throwing in some conditioning work, in that order, will set you on the right path. Proper ab training will cause hypertrophy of the underlying muscles which will help with visibility to some degree, but laying on the gym floor doing hundreds of crunches does not a six-pack make (not to mention that crunches are a shitty exercise). While I'm ranting I might as well also throw out a (hopefully unnecessary) word of warning against any sort of low-effort-required miracle ab bestowing fitness contraption. Nothing comes without due effort in this game, if something is being sold to you on the premise that it is quick and easy, you can bet your ass that it won't do a damn thing.
If this stuff was easy, more people would look like this.
This article is going to contain a quick primer on what exactly composes the front mid-section of our bodies, a discussion on the actual use of having decent abs (apart from being pretty), a bit about posture, how to utilise intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) to stabilise the midsection during heavy lifts and finally some ab exercises which don't suck. That's a fair bit to get through so I'll stop airing my grievances with the world and start spouting some knowledge.
Mid-section physiology and function
Whilst 'core' is (unsurprisingly) not a recognised anatomical term, most that use it are referring to the entire front side of the mid-section. That is, the six-pack in the front (rectus abdominis), the internal and external obliques, transverse abdominis and serratus; yeah... anatomy. For ease I'll be using 'abs' or 'core' for the most part from here on to refer to all the above, I might also be able to bring myself to drop the inverted commas and accept these terms. The exercises we will focus on will hit all the front and side muscles, proper IAP will also utilise all the deep abdominal, diaphragmatic and spinal erector muscles for complete 'core' work.
There are better things to look at in this picture than the caption
The function of abs are to act as a brace for the middle of the body (along with the spinal erectors), they aren't there to move any weight per se - no one talks about their one rep max leg raise - instead the muscles of the mid-section act as a bridge between the upper and lower body, stabilising our structure where it is weakest. If you look at a human skeleton, there is the solid structure of the rib cage above and the solid structure of the pelvis below, between these there is just the spine, which seems pretty flimsy when you really look at it. Now imagine that skeleton has a significant load being carried in its arms, across its shoulders or overhead; that link between the ribs and the pelvis is going to need some extra stabilisation if it is going to stay solid, hence the need for some solid abs.
Strong, visible abs: providing stability whilst also letting people know you are better than them
Now some will think that all you need to do to keep that core strong is to put heavy weights on your back and overhead (in other words, lift heavy on the compound exercises) and there is no need to train the abs directly. Well, yes and no. Training heavy on compound lifts like squats, deadlifts, overhead presses and pull-ups is an extremely effective way to build strength and muscle in the core, however most trainees past the beginner stage need more. In a perfect world, heavy lifts would be all we need to train the midsection as we would get under a squat, engage the core (more on this later) and the load would be perfectly shared between the musculature, left to right and front to back, everything would be equally trained and we would be happy about life. Of course, this isn't a perfect world and most of us are shitty excuses for humans. As such, most of us have messed up postures with overly tight lower back muscles and hip flexors and weak abs; thus, when we get under a heavy weight, the load isn't shared equally, our weak abs don't engage properly, the back does all the hard work and we end up with under developed abs and a tight, achey lower back.
Overextension will leave your back in a world of pain and your lifts on a world of suck. Strong abs will help you stay in a neutral position and out of pain.
Without some properly applied abdominal work these imbalances will only perpetuate, which will limit potential strength gains through undermining core stability, probably leading to back pain (or even injury) and an ugly ass-out, belly-forward posture. That last point is a big issue - anterior pelvic tilt, leading to an overly arched lower back (or 'lumbar hyperlordosis' if we are talking in science).Whilst weak abs and overly tight spinal erectors aren't the only contributor to this issue (tight hip flexors and weak glutes are also to blame, see how to sort them out here); strengthening the abs will allow for the hips to be brought back to a properly aligned neutral position. Having the hips properly aligned means good things for appearance, getting rid of the over-arched lower back means you are no longer pushing your pot belly forward; it also means good things for lifting performance as a neutral spine is the strongest position for force transfer. A neutral spine is a strong and healthy spine. The hyper-extended lower back is also potentially an injury waiting to happen as the over-arching of the spine leads to vertebrae on vertebrae contact which, if loaded, can cause all sorts of terrifying sounding things such as stenosis, pars fractures and disc herniations (rest assured I'm not just pulling this information out of my strange mind; this is stolen from Dr. Stuart McGill, who is the man when it comes to spinal bio-mechanics). Therefore having strong abs will keep your whole mid-section solid and stop you shitting out your spine when you next try a deadlift.
Weak abs are regularly a contributor to the shitty situation we see on the left.
Boring scientific interlude over; back to the good stuff
Intra-abdominal pressure and why it matters
The concept and execution of creating IAP (also known as the Valsalva manoeuvre) seems to be lost on many lifters, but is probably the only thing that can live up to all those shitty marketing headlines that read like "try this one weird trick that can add kilos to all your lifts". Fortunately for you, this doesn't cost you anything apart from some time and effort in learning how to properly use your abs and diaphragm. Learning to do so will create stabilisation for the midsection in big lifts, greatly increasing force transfer (which means bigger lifts) and greatly decreasing the chances of injuring your back.
Entirely unrelated to the subject, but fun to look at.
To properly brace and develop IAP for a lift, start in a neutral spine position and take a deep belly breath, using the diaphragm to draw air down to your belly button. Closing the throat and not letting any air out, you should then contract all the midsection muscles hard, this includes the abs in the front, the obliques in the sides and the lower back muscles behind. Your midsection should feel completely solid; like you could take a gut shot from Ali and shrug it off like it's nothing (this is the in-his-prime, cocky dick Ali; not the current old, shakey Ali). This gives you the tightness, strength and stability that you need to boss around heavy weights and not the other way around. For a demonstration of IAP in action, check out the video of ultra-jacked man-monster Dan Green below; notice the huge breaths he takes before the lifts, forcing as much air into the lungs as possible, then holding it throughout the movement.
This isn't just applicable to squats, for movement to occur anywhere in the body, there is a degree of force transfer through the core. I'm not saying you need to practice power breathing as you warm up your rotator cuffs, but any time you are moving any sort of appreciable weight, take a deep breath and maintain tightness in the torso and you might well surprise yourself with the increase in performance.
This advice applies whether you are a jacked dude or a pretty lady wearing very few clothes
Ab exercises that don't suck (and the specifics on why some do)
First, a quick rant: the sit-up and crunch (a.k.a the exercises that people who don't exercise like) absolutely suck. For various reasons. First, they involve repeated spinal flexion from a poor position, which according to top spinal researcher Dr. Stuart McGill is a fantastic way to get yourself a herniated disc, even if we perform crunches perfectly, where the motion comes mainly from the upper back (not the lower) this is still a bad idea. Then we consider what we are actually doing, pulling the rib cage down towards the pelvis; this increases thoracic rounding (i.e. the desk jockey hunch) taking our upper back and scapulae out of position, which is shitty news if you enjoy moving well or being strong or athletic or looking good. Finally, the way the crunch is performed by the vast majority makes it mainly a psoas exercise, even if it is performed perfectly it is nigh-on-impossible to eliminate psoas contribuation. This isn't terrible in and of itself, however we tend to have overly tight hip flexors from our daily sitting habits and all this extra psoas training will only accentuate this, feeding into the problem of lumbar hyperlordosis that we mentioned above. So if you want a side order of potential back injuries, hunched upper back, and belly-forward-ass-out posture with your ab training, continue with the crunches. If not, read on.
The Pudz laughs in the face of your crunches
So what ab exercises don't suck balls and won't immediately hurt your back, ruin your posture, kill your gains and give you AIDS? In general the best ab exercises are ones that require us to use our abs to stabilise our trunk against an external force trying to flex/extend/rotate us, rather than using our abs to flex/rotate us. Confused? Allow me to explain. The whole abdominal musculature is a pretty complicated set of muscular fibres running in all directions; it isn't there just to pull our ribs towards our hips repeatedly, if it was, it would look like a bicep. The abdominal musculature is there to stabilise the torso against forces from all directions, thus to effectively train it, we stress it with forces from various directions and actively contract to resist these forces and remain in neutral position. Logic all up in your face.
Again, unrelated but pretty.
First, we have the plank. This actually a move you do see regularly performed in the gym, however as with many things, it is performed in such a god awful manner that the training effect from it will be minimal. The aim of the plank is to resist the extension of the spine which gravity is exerting on you by not letting the hips sag, yet look at most people performing this move in the gym and they will be in stuck in spinal extension, gaining stability from bone-on-bone contact and not using much of anything in terms of musculature.
A common side effect of great ab development is crippling narcissism and an aching neck from constantly looking down at your own midsection.
Fortunately with a few tweaks (commonly known as the RKC Plank variant), the plank is a highly effective exercise. Most people are familiar with the standard plank set up; you are face down, toes and forearms are the only points on contact with the ground. To perform this advanced plank version you should position your elbows directly below or slightly higher than your shoulders, contact the quads hard to maintain locked knees, contact the glutes hard to maintain posterior pelvic tilt (thus training the muscles to counteract anterior pelvic tilt), keep the neck neutral, head looking down, pulling the chin back slightly to engage the cervical flexors (which helps correct forward head posture) and finally contract the abs hard whilst breathing with the diaphragm and pull the elbows towards the toes. Maintain all these maximal contractions throughout the exercise, if done properly the body will be absolutely solid head to toe and it will be impossible for the hips to sag; you may think you are pretty good at hanging out in plank position, but I assure you that upon trying this variant you will realise that a proper plank will smoke you in about 15 seconds. Similar techniques can and should be applied to the side plank to give us a solid anti-lateral flexion exercise to go with our killer anti-extension exercise in the RKC plank.
Next we have a great anti-rotation exercise, the full contact twist or landmine twist. You preferably need a landmine in your gym to do these, but they work pretty well if you just jam one end of a barbell in a corner. With your landmine or barbell + corner set up, put a light weight on the other end of the barbell, grab the very end of the barbell with both hands and lift it over your head. Keeping your arms as straight as you can throughout, bring the end of the bar slowly down to one side, then reverse the motion, bringing the bar back overhead and repeat on the other side. This can be a tricky one to get the motion of just from a description, so check out the video below (I also don't know why the fuck the guy is wearing a Spiderman mask, but at least he is training the movement right). The abs and the obliques especially will be forced to contract hard to stop you rotating at the mid-section when lowering the weight and to allow for the transfer of force to lift the weight back into position. This is a deceptive exercise as it looks easy, but you won't need much weight to absolutely hammer your obliques.
Pallof presses and variations thereof are another great way to train the abs as stabilisers. To do the regular version of this exercise, stand/half-kneel/tall kneel side-on to a cable with a D-handle set at shoulder height or a resistance band looped over a support, grab the handle/band with both hands, holding it against our sternum and position yourself far enough away that there is decent tension in the band/cable. From here press straight out to full extension of the arms, the tension in the cable/band will be pulling perpendicularly on your hands with greater leverage as you move your hands out, this forces your shoulders to rotate, if you have been following along with the general premises we are setting out here, you should know that our aim is to resist this rotation by contracting the abs hard, hold for a 2 count, then pull the hands back in and repeat. A variant of this exercise is to set up in an identical manner, but press the handle/band directly overhead, whilst keeping the torso straight, this will train the obliques effectively through resisting the force attempting to bend your torso to the side. Similarly, setting up with a rope attachment on a cable machine, facing away from the machine, holding the rope over your shoulders and pressing overhead hits the abs hard by resisting extension.
I apologise for this guy being neither jacked or tan.
A damn hard but damn effective ab training tool is the barbell rollout, this one actually gets some attention in the average gym, which is nice to see, but again it is an easy move to absolutely butcher. This is another move that most are probably familiar with, but for the uninitiated or those who perform it with awful form, this move consists of you kneeling (preferably on a pad) with a loaded barbell in front of you, which you then grip and roll forward. Throughout the move you should keep the spine in neutral, contract the glutes and resist any sagging of the hips; roll until your body is parallel to the floor (or as far as you can manage), at this point contract the abs, lats and serratus hard and pull back to the start position. The cool thing about this exercise is the fact that in addiion to a large degree of anti-extension work from the abs, there a bonus nice bit of training for the lats and serratus (the cool looking feather-like muscles on the upper ribs).
Steve Reeves rocking the Greek God look with some impressive lat and serratus development.
A class of exercises which hit the whole midsection hard, as well as countless other muscles in the body are weighted carries. These come in many flavours, from classic heavy farmer's walks, yokes walks, front/zercher carries and overhead carries (which hit all the abs), to one handed carries with the weight (dumbell/kettlebell) held at the side with a straight arm, in shoulder rack/clean position or overhead (all of which will smoke the obliques). Weighted carries are great exercises and a worthy addition to anyone's training schedule. They are also one of the simplest moves to describe. Pick up something heavy. Keep the spine neutral and don't let the torso bend in anyway. Walk. Get Strong. Look cool as hell doing so.
Pretty damn jacked. Very, very tan.
Last but not least, we have the hanging leg raise or as I prefer to call it, the hanging hip curl, as this better describes the movement that you should aiming for. Now before anyone accuses me of being a hypocrite as this is in fact an active spinal flexion exercise, which is exactly what I shit all over the crunch for being, observe a few key differences: due to the hanging nature of this exercise, there is an extent of spinal decompression, meaning that flexion puts far less pressure on the discs; the upper back remains extended and isn't forced to round, so increased thoracic rounding isn't a worry, and finally the hips are kept in posterior tilt to limit psoas contribution.
If you look like this, you can train however you want. No one is going to ell you that you are wrong
Those differences should tell you most of what you need to know about performing this exercise, but here is a breakdown anyway: Hang from a bar with whatever grip is comfortable, now contract the glutes and posteriorly tilt the pelvis to limit hip flexor contribution. From here slowly bring the legs up, thinking more about curling the hips towards the ribs and the knees towards the shoulders, maintaining the posterior pelvic tilt throughout; lower your legs and repeat. The straighter you keep the legs in this movement, the harder it will be and vice versa, so regress/progress as appropriate for your strength levels.
I'm not going to lie to you, I'm glad that's over. Don't ask me any questions, I hate this subject.
This blog post title is a re-purposed title of both a Jay-Z and the Slick Rick song that he flips. This is, of course, a Jay-Z song from back when Jay-Z was actually a good rapper, rapping like he cared about rap. Not the modern day pop artist who drops an album of half-arsed rhymes when a sponsor pays him millions of dollars to do so. It's an enviable position, but his new music is just awful; if you own Blueprint 3, do yourself a favour and delete the whole album, download the original Blueprint (illegally, he has enough money) and instantly become cooler. Jay-Z rant over, our other title song come from the fantastic Slick Rick from his 1988 classic The Great Adventures Of Slick Rick, he has since not sold his integrity, because he is awesome.
That isn't G..
This is G.
Anyway, the content of this article bears absolutely no relation to the content of those songs. I'm simply stating that the back, as in the muscles on the back of your torso, are the king in regards to physique and strength.
aaand the pictures of shapely women begin.
Back training is neglected by many gym idiots because it's not a muscle group that is staring you in the face when you look in the mirror, but back training might be the most important of all. A thick back contributes to performance in most lifts as well as giving you the coveted V-taper look and upper body width, which of course are key to looking jacked. You see gym goers that focus purely on chest and arms, causing a huge front-to-back strength imbalance and as a result walk around with forward hunched, internally rotated shoulders leading to the knuckle dragging ape walk, usually along with a degree of upper back rounding and forward head posture. Having a strong upper and mid back lets you avoid the prototypical douchebag posture; strong back muscles will allow you to pull your shoulders back and down as well as keep thoracic extension for good, upright posture. Having the requisite strength maintain thoracic extension/stop your upper back rounding also means good things for the majority of other lifts, including all positions in the squat, the lockout of deadlifts and even (somewhat ironically) proper bench position. Big and strong lats also carry over to many lifts, even when they are not working directly to move the weight; big lats give you a big base of support and stability through the mid-section and across the shoulder girdle which allows you to transfer greater power in big compound exercises like the squat, bench and deadlift.
Work the back to look big...
...and lift big
Like in the glute article, a smart first port of call is soft tissue work and activation, as due to poor posture many people have messed up lats and upper back muscles which aren't going to be able to contract to their full potential (luckily this is less of an issue than it is with glutes for most people).
Grab a foam roller, lay on it on your side with your lower arm extended overhead and and roll the over the entire length of the lat. Do this on both sides, then lay flat with your upper back across the roller, engage your abs and glutes then arch the upper (not lower) back over the roller, to open up extension in the thoracic spine. After this, move back to a neutral spine position then hug your arms across your front to rotate your scapulae (shoulder blades) around your ribs and stretch out your mid back and slowly roll up and down, rocking side to side to work out any knots in the tissues of the smaller upper back muscles. It might also be an idea to grab a small medicine ball and roll your pecs to loosen up the chesticles, so your back muscles aren't fighting against a them when you are trying to squeeze your shoulder blades together.
This is what your back muscles look like, if you happen to care
Next up is quick muscle activation as well as warming up the shoulder girdle and getting your scapula moving correctly.
First are LYTs: Grab two very light dumbells (1-5kg), lay face down on a flat or slightly inclined bench with your arms hanging to the floor, pull your upper arms back so they are parallel to the floor, your elbows are level with your shoulder and your hands are hanging towards the ground. From here slowly rotate your upper arms so your hands are level with your head, your left arm should be making an L shape, lower and repeat. Next, keeping your arms straight, raise them from a hang to above your head like you are doing the Y in the YMCA dance, lower and repeat. Now perform a similar movement but raise your arms directly out the sides so your body and arms from a T, squeeze your shoulder blades together, lower and repeat. Between 6 and 10 of each of these performed sequentially will serve to activate and warm the small muscles of the upper back including the entirety of the traps, the infraspinatus and the rhomboids.
Next are shoulder retractions: grab an empty bar (Olympic for most trainees or an EZ bar for beginners/non-advanced females trainees), gripping the bar overhand and shoulder width, hip hinge forward and relax your upper body so your arms hang. Now squeeze your shoulder blades together and down, retracting the shoulders and contracting the lats and mid back, hold for a count of 3, relax and then repeat, 8-10 reps will do.
Finally overhead shrugs: clean and press the bar overhead, alternately pull your scapula down and shrug your shoulders up as high as you can, elevating your scapula; hold each position for a 3 count for 8-10 reps.
This picture features a back, therefore it is justified
That should do for warm ups and activation, if you prefer slightly different exercises or variants of the above, by all means use them instead. For example some may prefer a band pull apart series to LTPs or using cables for shoulder retractions, if that's the case go ahead, the aim is simply to get your scapulae moving properly and your back muscles contracting.
Now comes the big moves, there are 3 main categories of movement which are used to hit the back: Rows, Pull ups/Pull downs and Deadlifts/Pulls. These are generally programmed in their standard vanilla forms (if they are performed at all) and are effective back builders, however all can be tweaked for maximum effectiveness to hit the muscles hard from multiple angles and get that barn door back. Let's get at it.
In the interests of equality and such
Rows
The problem with the bent over barbell row is not the concept, rather the average trainee's execution of the move. What you will see from most when claiming to perform a barbell row is some sort of deadlift/belly thrust combo; this achieves the aim of moving the bar from the floor and touching it to the torso, but unfortunately achieves precisely dick all apart from this. We are looking to work the back muscles and get our swole on, so clearly we need to do things a little different.
First we have what the internet has taken to calling the Pendlay row (a.k.a. a barbell row performed properly), people in the know were doing these far before Glenn Pendlay schooled fools, but either way the name has stuck. Load a barbell, preferably with full diameter plates, but resist the urge to go super heavy. With feet shoulder width apart and a soft bend in the knees, hip hinge forward keeping a flat back and grip the bar overhand, slightly wider than your shoulders. Your torso should be roughly parallel to the ground or slightly above, now create tension through your midsection and without moving your torso, pull the shoulder blades together and focus on pulling the elbows back until the bar touches just below your sternum. Lower the bar to the floor and let your scapula come forward then repeat. Performing these in a strict manner will give your upper back a hell of a workout from the scapula retraction, hit the lats hard by focussing on pulling with the elbows and work the lower back in an isometric manner by maintaining a firm torso position throughout.
The floor is really interesting
Second we have the Yates row; whereas the Pendlay hits the whole back, especially working the upper back muscles, the Yates row is a full on lat assault. Form here can be a little looser than the Pendlay row allowing for a decent amount of weight, but don't turn this into a weird deadlift-shrug-calf raise-curl combo, keep the tension on the target muscles for full training effect. Grab a barbell with an underhand grip that is about as wide as your hips or slightly narrower. Hip hinge so your torso is at around 45 degrees between vertical and parallel to the ground and from here pull the bar to your belly button, focussing on pulling with your elbows. Contract hard, like you are trying to hit a lat spread at the top of each rep. Now put the bar down and admire dem wings.
The row.
The result.
Third is the single arm dumbell row, a great mid-back and lat builder if performed correctly and nothing but a bit of ego masturbation if cheated. Grab a dumbell and bend forward at the waist until just above parallel with the ground, brace yourself with your free hand on something solid like a box or a bench and slightly bend your knees so you are solidly planted. Brace your abs and pull the dumbell to your hip by retracting the scapula and pulling the elbow back, keeping your upper arm tight to your side a throughout. Resist any urge to rotate the torso like you are starting a lawnmower, to try curl the weight up, to drop your torso to reduce range of motion or any of the other silly fuckery you see most people trying to get away with. Just stay tight, keep the torso rigid and pull with the back, squeezing the contraction at the top of the rep. Obviously repeat on the other side once the required reps are complete, unless you are going for the 'lonely male' look.
Matt Kroc is known for going heavy as hell on DB rows. He is bigger and stronger than you.
Pull ups/Pull downs
The main problem with these is that few people do them, and even fewer do them properly. First a quick note on the newly popular, CrossFit inspired 'kipping pull up'. If you are unaware as to what 'kipping' is, it consists of using a leg kick and body swing technique to generate upwards momentum in a pull up; in the BCF era (that is 'Before CrossFit'), this technique was generally just known as 'cheating' or 'shitty pull ups'. Kipping is a good means to get your head above the bar for a requisite number of reps in a given time frame, however the practice of kipping pull ups, as you see many perform in the ACF era, is not a great idea for most trainees from a few perspectives. Kipping pull ups will not work the back muscles as completely as strict pull ups due to the reliance on momentum and swinging, not contraction of the target muscles, to get you moving, furthermore there is far greater chance of shoulder/back injury or grip slippage, especially with the poor form most people exhibit. If you are a CrossFit competitor, practice of kipping is necessary, for everyone else, it is pointless and you look like a tool.
None of this silly bollocks.
Pull ups are, in my opinion and the opinion of many who carry more weight than I, the ultimate back builder. The only real problem with pull ups is the relatively steep learning curve as many trainees (especially females) can't do any. There are 3 ways around this: you can use an assisted pull up machine if your gym has one, you can tie a resistance band to the bar and loop it under your knees or you can use the pull down machine. I prefer the assisted pull up as they give a consistent amount of help throughout, whereas bands give a lot of help at the bottom where the pull is easiest and none at the the top range where it is hardest. Pull downs are looked down on by many, including myself, all the time, because I enjoy mocking people; however in truth, well performed pull downs will exhibit a greater training effect than shitty pull ups. If you can perform good quality pull ups, they do still come up trumps as the need to stabilise the torso taxes the back muscles to a greater degree, resulting in a more efficacious back training movement.
When performing pull ups, a mistake many make is overextending the lumbar spine area, this may feel like it makes the movement slightly easier but it puts you in a compromised position which is less than ideal. You should try to maintain neutral spine by bracing the abs and contracting the glutes. To really feel how hard pull ups can be, try to do all your reps with your body completely straight, as if you were performing a plank throughout and fully extend your arms at the bottom of each rep; you will quickly realise how much help you were getting from body motion and the next day you will realise just how hard strict pull ups hit the entire mid back.
Making bad form look damn good.
If I had to pick the best pull up movement, it would be the ring pull up followed closely by a neutral grip pull up (or pull down). The use of gymnastic rings allows for free rotation of the hands so the arms can move into their most comfortable groove during the movement and minimise elbow stress. The use of rings also allows for a greater range of motion and a more 'natural' feeling pull as you can pull yourself up between your hands, as well as a strong lat contraction by pulling the upper arm back along the side of the torso. Finally, the extra stabilisation necessary for ring work and the ability to pull your hands in laterally as well as vertically allows for a greater lat contraction. The position that most people's hands will drift to in a ring pull up will be one closely resembling a neutral grip pull up, as such these carry the majority of the same benefits as ring chins, allowing for a strong lat contraction and low joint stresses.
The other type of pull I recommend is a classic wide overhand pull up. I do feel that some go too wide on these, as you end up just robbing yourself of range of motion and making the movement feel more awkward without really increasing lat recruitment; I recommend setting your grip so your arms are around 30 degrees from the vertical when you are at a dead hang. To really get the strongest contraction out of these, at the top of the movement, lean back and pull the bar towards your sternum. this little tweak can be the difference between an easy set of pull ups and the strongest mid-back contraction you have ever felt.
Taking jacked and tan to new levels.
Deadlifts/Pulls
A properly performed conventional deadlift works the vast majority of your body, your hands and forearms work hard to grip the weight, your entire upper and mid back stabilises your shoulders and stops you rounding forward like the hunchback of Notre Dame, your lower back and abs strongly contract to keep a rigid mid-section and effectively transfer force from the legs (especially the hamstrings and glutes) which act as the prime movers. Many like to put conventional deadlifts on 'back day' as it allows them to start with a heavy strength movement and doing both squats and deadlifts on 'leg day' leads to a shitty following few days once an appreciable amount of weight is being used for both exercises. That is absolutely a valid way to approach programming, however if we are looking to hit the back hard (which we are, read the damn title), with a few variants and borrowed ideas from Olympic weightlifters we can shift the focus to really tax the mid and upper back and be less stressful on the lower back and legs.
If you feel like shifting a shit lot of weight give rack/block snatch grip deadlifts a go. Set the bar up in a rack or on blocks (preferred), set your feet feet around shoulder width or a little narrower, keep your back flat, hinge at the hips, bend the knees and grab the bar with a wide grip. If you are working in a rack you obviously will have to go a bit narrower than the rack so you don't smash your fingers, if you are working on blocks go for a grip as wide as you are comfortable, index fingers on the outer rings is a good starting point for most. From here extend at the hips and knees and strongly contract the lats to pull the bar into your hips, reverse and repeat. From the explanation this may not seem like a big back builder but the wide grip puts some serious demands on the whole of the upper and mid back, if you still doubt, give multiple heavy sets of these a go and call me in the morning so I can laugh at your pain. Performing these from slightly above the floor allows for the use of more weight and stops any ugly back rounding which can arise when snatch grip pulling from the floor, if mobility is lacking.
Tell Lu Xiaojun that snatch pulls aren't an effective back builder
In a similar vein to the above but with more of an upper body emphasis is the snatch grip high pull. Set up exactly as above, either on blocks or from the floor but with less weight. Extend at the hip and knee explosively to lockout at which point you shrug your shoulders up hard and pull the elbows up and back to launch the bar up to around nipple height. You won't be able to lower the weight under control so don't try as you'll end up hurting yourself, either let it fall to the floor and repeat or catch it in the hang position and rep away from the hang (which I prefer). In my opinion these are a hugely underused back builder amongst most trainees and you should feel privileged that I am sharing this secret to crazy gains with you peons. For all heavy snatch grip movements you will almost certainly have to use straps unless you have insane grip strength or are happy to use hook grip and mash your thumbs to a pulp.
Other Movements
I'm still not done, but feel free to leave. You've clicked on the page and I have the view so at this point I literally do not care.
An exercise that would not occur to most as a back builder but can put a serious beating (in a good way) on the mid back is the front squat. While obviously predominately a leg exercise and as such maybe not a good fit for 'back day', regular front squatting will build the volume of back work you are performing leaving you with a stronger mid back. Luckily I have talked about the technique involved in the front squat at length here. The key part of the move that hits the mid back is the need to force the elbows up and stay in thoracic extension to avoid dropping the weight, which necessitates a strong mid back contraction. The heavier the weight gets, the harder your mid back will have to work to keep your upper body from folding like a deck chair. Thus we can use heavier weights to elicit more of a back training effect, an effective method for focussing on the muscles responsible for thoracic extension is the front squat iso-hold. This is incredibly simple, but deceptively demanding on all the muscles surrounding the scapula. To perform, simply un-rack a heavy weight in the front rack position, hold it for a 10-15 count, making sure to strongly force thoracic extension (push your chest up/out and shoulders back) and then re-rack/dump the bar. It is probably a smart idea to set the safety bars just below front rack height. To others, you may look like you are just pussying out on a set of front squats, but fuck 'em, they'll know who's boss when you have to turn sideways to walk through door ways.
The Rock requires double doors throughout his house*
(*I made this up... but probably)
The final (I swear) exercise which I recommend for back is the reverse/rear delt fly. This is one that you actually see performed fairly often, however here I am going to recommend something you will pretty much never hear me say otherwise: use more weight and looser form. I tried this out after a recommendation from the gigantic John Meadows and found it to hit the rear delts and entire upper back far harder than strict, light raises. To perform these, lay face down on a slightly inclined bench with fairly heavy dumbells in your hands, in one motion, pull your shoulder blades together and elbows back, keeping the arms fairly straight. It is essentially an explosive performance of the T movement from the warm up detailed way up top; don't expect to bring the weights all the way up to in line with your body and certainly don't expect to be able to pause at the contraction, just rip the weights back explosively until your whole upper back is on fire, aiming for fairly high (15-20) reps. Finally, quickly look in the mirror and feel good about life.
